References
- ^ a b "6th Coordination Commission Visit To Begin Tomorrow". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved on 2006-05-20.
- ^ "China's coming out party", Toronto Star.
- ^ "2008-The Year of China?", BusinessCenter.TV (2007-08-07). Retrieved on 2008-01-02.
- ^ "Beijing 2008 will be best-ever Games: Samaranch", BOCOG (2007-06-25). Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
- ^ Abrahamson, Alan (2008-08-02). ""Absolutely no regrets" in coming to China, IOC president says", NBC. Retrieved on 2008-08-02.
- ^ "Beijing 2008: Election". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved on 2006-12-18.
- ^ "All Beijing-based Olympic venues under construction", BOCOG (2007-05-11). Retrieved on 2007-05-11.
- ^ Olympic Venues, Beijing 2008. Retrieved on May 15, 2006.
- ^ a b "The Olympic Games en route for Beijing", International Olympic Committee (2007-07-13). Retrieved on 2007-07-16.
- ^ ArchitectureWeek - Design - China's Banner Stadium - 2002.0501
- ^ "Stadium designer blasts China Olympics", Aljazeera (2007-08-12). Retrieved on 2007-07-16.
- ^ "Chinese architect slams Olympic 'pretend smile'". Reuters. Retrieved on 2007-08-16.
- ^ "Un-manned trains to operate at new airport terminal building", BOCOG (2007-06-13). Retrieved on 2007-06-17.
- ^ "Official: passengers can watch the Games in Beijing metro", BOCOG (2007-01-31). Retrieved on 2006-02-15.
- ^ "Beijing airport to launch emergency alert mechanism for Olympics", BOCOG (2007-06-25). Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
- ^ "38 public transit routes to the Olympic venues", BOCOG (2007-01-22). Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ AUSmotive.com (2008-08-02). "Volkswagen claims ‘Green’ medal at 2008 Olympic Games". Retrieved on 2008-08-02.
- ^ Andrew Jacobs (2008-04-14). "Traffic Beijing Stops Construction for Olympics", New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-04-14.
- ^ a b Stephen Wade (2008-06-20). "Beijing sets restrictions on cars during Olympics", National Examiner. Retrieved on 2008-06-23.
- ^ Reuters (2008-06-23). "Beijing to launch Olympic 'odd-even' car ban", ABC news. Retrieved on 2008-06-23.
- ^ "Rogge's Message for Beijing Olympics Emblem Unveiling", People's Daily Online (2003-08-03). Retrieved on 2006-12-19.
- ^ "'One World One Dream' selected as the Theme Slogan for Beijing 2008 Olympic Games", BOCOG (2005-12-25). Retrieved on 2007-05-05.
- ^ "The Official Mascots of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games", BOCOG. Retrieved on 2006-12-19.
- ^ Seven Network 2008 - Olympics
- ^ ORF: Gesamtes Olympia-Programm in HDTV – digitalfernsehen.de, 7. July 2008
- ^ Briel, Robert (2008-04-16). "Belgian pubcaster VRT to launch HD channel". BroadbandTVNews.com. Retrieved on 2008-06-16.
- ^ Moreira, Paulo Ricardo (2008-07-26). "Como Band e Globo brigam pela audiência nas Olimpíadas de Pequim" (in Portuguese). JB Online. Retrieved on
2008-08-01. - ^ *CBC/Radio-Canada:"CBC Olympics - Schedule". CBC. Retrieved on 2008-06-22.CBC/Radio-Canada (2005-02-07). "Statement Regarding the IOC's
Awarding of the Broadcast Rights for the 2010 and 2012 Olympic Games". Press release. The release states that both CBC and Radio-Canada "still own the
broadcast rights for...the Beijing Games in 2008." - TSN:"Olympics - TV Schedule". TSN. Retrieved on 2008-06-22. As of access date, TSN has stated: "Details of TSN's coverage from the 2008 Summer
Olympics in Beijing, China will be announced at a later date". - ^ Ensha, Azadeh (2008-06-17). "Chinese Company Gains Olympic Webcast Rights", The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-06-17.
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同一个世界同一个梦想
(One World, One Dream)
The "Dancing Beijing"
emblem, depicting
a Chinese seal inscribed
with the
character "Jīng" (京, from
the name of the
host city) in the form of a
dancing figure.
Host city: Beijing, China
Nations participating: 205
NOCs (See below)
Athletes participating:
10,500 (approx.)[1]
Events: 302 in 28 sports
Opening ceremony:
August 8
Closing ceremony: August
24
Officially opened by:
President Hu Jintao
Athlete's Oath: TBA
Judge's Oath: TBA
Olympic Torch: TBA
Stadium: Beijing National
Stadium
(One World, One Dream)
The "Dancing Beijing"
emblem, depicting
a Chinese seal inscribed
with the
character "Jīng" (京, from
the name of the
host city) in the form of a
dancing figure.
Host city: Beijing, China
Nations participating: 205
NOCs (See below)
Athletes participating:
10,500 (approx.)[1]
Events: 302 in 28 sports
Opening ceremony:
August 8
Closing ceremony: August
24
Officially opened by:
President Hu Jintao
Athlete's Oath: TBA
Judge's Oath: TBA
Olympic Torch: TBA
Stadium: Beijing National
Stadium
The 2008 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad is a Summer Olympics
event, that will be held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24, 2008 and followed by
the 2008 Summer Paralympics from September 6 to September 17. 10,500 athletes are expected to compete in
302 events in 28 sports, just one event more than was on the schedule of the 2004 games.[1] The 2008 Beijing
Olympics will also mark the third time that Olympic events will have been held in the territories of two different
National Olympic Committees (NOC): at the 2008 Olympics, equestrian events will be held in Hong Kong, which
competes separately from mainland China.
The Olympic games were awarded to Beijing after an exhaustive ballot of the International Olympic Committee
(IOC) on July 13, 2001. The official logo of the games, titled "Dancing Beijing," features a stylised calligraphic
character jīng (京, meaning capital), referencing the host city. The mascots of Beijing 2008 are the five Fuwa, each
representing both a colour of the Olympic rings and a symbol of Chinese culture. The Olympic slogan, One World,
One Dream, calls upon the world to unite in the Olympic spirit. Several new NOCs have also been recognised by
the IOC.
The Chinese government has promoted the games to highlight China's emergence on the world stage and has
invested heavily in new facilities and transportation systems.[2][3] A total of 37 venues will be used to host the
events including 12 newly constructed venues. Earlier in 2007, former IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch
had said that he believes that the Beijing games will be "the best in Olympic history,"[4] and despite the
controversies that have marred the image of the Chinese Olympics, current president Jacques Rogge asserts
that the IOC has "absolutely no regrets" in choosing Beijing to host the 2008 games.[5]
event, that will be held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24, 2008 and followed by
the 2008 Summer Paralympics from September 6 to September 17. 10,500 athletes are expected to compete in
302 events in 28 sports, just one event more than was on the schedule of the 2004 games.[1] The 2008 Beijing
Olympics will also mark the third time that Olympic events will have been held in the territories of two different
National Olympic Committees (NOC): at the 2008 Olympics, equestrian events will be held in Hong Kong, which
competes separately from mainland China.
The Olympic games were awarded to Beijing after an exhaustive ballot of the International Olympic Committee
(IOC) on July 13, 2001. The official logo of the games, titled "Dancing Beijing," features a stylised calligraphic
character jīng (京, meaning capital), referencing the host city. The mascots of Beijing 2008 are the five Fuwa, each
representing both a colour of the Olympic rings and a symbol of Chinese culture. The Olympic slogan, One World,
One Dream, calls upon the world to unite in the Olympic spirit. Several new NOCs have also been recognised by
the IOC.
The Chinese government has promoted the games to highlight China's emergence on the world stage and has
invested heavily in new facilities and transportation systems.[2][3] A total of 37 venues will be used to host the
events including 12 newly constructed venues. Earlier in 2007, former IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch
had said that he believes that the Beijing games will be "the best in Olympic history,"[4] and despite the
controversies that have marred the image of the Chinese Olympics, current president Jacques Rogge asserts
that the IOC has "absolutely no regrets" in choosing Beijing to host the 2008 games.[5]
Bid
Main article: 2008 Summer Olympics bids
Beijing was elected the host city on July 13, 2001,
during the 112th IOC Session in Moscow, beating
Toronto, Paris, Istanbul, and Osaka. Prior to the
session, five other cities (Bangkok, Cairo, Havana,
Kuala Lumpur, and Seville) submitted bids to the IOC
but failed to make the short list in 2000. After the first
round of voting, Beijing held a significant lead over the
Main article: 2008 Summer Olympics bids
Beijing was elected the host city on July 13, 2001,
during the 112th IOC Session in Moscow, beating
Toronto, Paris, Istanbul, and Osaka. Prior to the
session, five other cities (Bangkok, Cairo, Havana,
Kuala Lumpur, and Seville) submitted bids to the IOC
but failed to make the short list in 2000. After the first
round of voting, Beijing held a significant lead over the
2008 Summer Olympics bidding results
City NOC Round 1 Round 2
Beijing China 44 56
Toronto Canada 20 22
Paris France 15 18
Istanbul Turkey 17 9
Osaka Japan 6 —
City NOC Round 1 Round 2
Beijing China 44 56
Toronto Canada 20 22
Paris France 15 18
Istanbul Turkey 17 9
Osaka Japan 6 —
other four candidates. Osaka received only 6 votes and was eliminated. In the second round, Beijing was
supported by an absolute majority of voters, eliminating the need for subsequent rounds.[6]
After winning the bid, Li Lanqing, the vice premier of China, declared "The winning of the 2008 Olympic bid is an
example of the international recognition of China's social stability, economic progress and the healthy life of the
Chinese people." Previously, Beijing had bid to host the 2000 Summer Olympics. It led the voting over the first
three rounds, but ultimately lost to Sydney in the final round in 1993.
supported by an absolute majority of voters, eliminating the need for subsequent rounds.[6]
After winning the bid, Li Lanqing, the vice premier of China, declared "The winning of the 2008 Olympic bid is an
example of the international recognition of China's social stability, economic progress and the healthy life of the
Chinese people." Previously, Beijing had bid to host the 2000 Summer Olympics. It led the voting over the first
three rounds, but ultimately lost to Sydney in the final round in 1993.
2008 Summer Olympics
- Bid Process
- Venues
- Marketing
- Torch Relay (route)
- Opening Ceremony
- Closing Ceremony
Development and preparation
Venues
Main articles: 2008 Summer Olympics venues and Olympic Green
By May 2007, construction of all 31 Beijing-based Olympic Games venues had begun.[7] The Chinese
government is also investing in the renovation and construction of 6 venues outside Beijing as well as 59 training
centres. Its largest architectural pieces will be the Beijing National Stadium, Beijing National Indoor Stadium,
Beijing National Aquatics Centre, Olympic Green Convention Centre, Olympic Green, and Beijing Wukesong
Culture & Sports Center. Almost 85% of the construction budget for the six main venues is being funded by
US$2.1 billion (RMB¥17.4 billion) in corporate bids and tenders. Investments are expected from corporations
seeking ownership rights after the 2008 Summer Olympics. Some venues will be owned and governed by the
State General Administration of Sports, which will use them after the Olympics as facilities for all future national
sports teams and events.
Some events will be held outside Beijing, namely football (in Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Tianjin),
sailing (in Qingdao), and equestrian (in Hong Kong, because of "uncertainties of equine diseases and major
difficulties in establishing a disease-free zone").[8]
Venues
Main articles: 2008 Summer Olympics venues and Olympic Green
By May 2007, construction of all 31 Beijing-based Olympic Games venues had begun.[7] The Chinese
government is also investing in the renovation and construction of 6 venues outside Beijing as well as 59 training
centres. Its largest architectural pieces will be the Beijing National Stadium, Beijing National Indoor Stadium,
Beijing National Aquatics Centre, Olympic Green Convention Centre, Olympic Green, and Beijing Wukesong
Culture & Sports Center. Almost 85% of the construction budget for the six main venues is being funded by
US$2.1 billion (RMB¥17.4 billion) in corporate bids and tenders. Investments are expected from corporations
seeking ownership rights after the 2008 Summer Olympics. Some venues will be owned and governed by the
State General Administration of Sports, which will use them after the Olympics as facilities for all future national
sports teams and events.
Some events will be held outside Beijing, namely football (in Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Shenyang, and Tianjin),
sailing (in Qingdao), and equestrian (in Hong Kong, because of "uncertainties of equine diseases and major
difficulties in establishing a disease-free zone").[8]
| The Beijing National Stadium. |
Beijing National Stadium
Main article: Beijing National Stadium
The centrepiece of the 2008 Summer Olympics will be
the Beijing National Stadium, nicknamed the "Bird
nest" because of its nest-like skeletal structure.[9]
Construction of the venue began on December 24,
2003. The Guangdong Olympic Stadium was originally
planned, constructed, and completed in 2001 for the
Games, but a decision was made to construct a new
stadium in Beijing.[10] Government officials engaged
architects worldwide in a design competition. A Swiss
firm, Herzog & de Meuron Architekten AG, collaborated
with China Architecture Design & Research Group to
win the competition. The stadium features a lattice-like
concrete skeleton forming the stadium bowl and will
have a seating capacity of 80,000 people. Architects
originally described the overall design as resembling
a bird nest with an immense ocular—an opening with
a retractable roof over the stadium. However, in 2004,
the idea of retractable roof was abandoned for
Main article: Beijing National Stadium
The centrepiece of the 2008 Summer Olympics will be
the Beijing National Stadium, nicknamed the "Bird
nest" because of its nest-like skeletal structure.[9]
Construction of the venue began on December 24,
2003. The Guangdong Olympic Stadium was originally
planned, constructed, and completed in 2001 for the
Games, but a decision was made to construct a new
stadium in Beijing.[10] Government officials engaged
architects worldwide in a design competition. A Swiss
firm, Herzog & de Meuron Architekten AG, collaborated
with China Architecture Design & Research Group to
win the competition. The stadium features a lattice-like
concrete skeleton forming the stadium bowl and will
have a seating capacity of 80,000 people. Architects
originally described the overall design as resembling
a bird nest with an immense ocular—an opening with
a retractable roof over the stadium. However, in 2004,
the idea of retractable roof was abandoned for
economic and safety reasons. The Beijing National Stadium will be the site of the opening and closing ceremonies, as well as the athletics events and soccer finals. The
stadium's designer Ai Weiwei has since withdrawn his support for China's Olympic games, saying "he wants nothing to do with them anymore".[11][12]
Most recently, the Beijing Olympic Village opened on July 16, 2008 and to the public on July 26, 2008.
stadium's designer Ai Weiwei has since withdrawn his support for China's Olympic games, saying "he wants nothing to do with them anymore".[11][12]
Most recently, the Beijing Olympic Village opened on July 16, 2008 and to the public on July 26, 2008.
| A map of the Olympic venues in Beijing. Several expressways encircle the center of the city, providing for quick transportation around the city and between venues. |
Transport
In preparation for the huge rush during the games, Beijing's subway system underwent a major expansion which increased its capacity to more than twice its previous
size. The previous system was composed of 4 lines and 64 stations. An additional 7 lines and more than 80 new stations were constructed, including a direct link to
Beijing Capital International Airport. In the airport itself, 11 unmanned trains, each transporting a maximum of 83 passengers, will expedite the movement of people
In preparation for the huge rush during the games, Beijing's subway system underwent a major expansion which increased its capacity to more than twice its previous
size. The previous system was composed of 4 lines and 64 stations. An additional 7 lines and more than 80 new stations were constructed, including a direct link to
Beijing Capital International Airport. In the airport itself, 11 unmanned trains, each transporting a maximum of 83 passengers, will expedite the movement of people
throughout the new
terminal building.[13]
Most of them are
scheduled to operate
from June 30, 2008, one
month before the start of
the games. In January
2007, the BOCOG
announced that the
Metro cars will be fitted
with video screens
showing the latest news
and events during the
games. Additionally,
cellphone signals would
be made available, so
that people can use their
communication devices
in the metro stations or
underground.[14]
According to the General
Administration of Civil
Aviation of China, a new
five-level emergency
alert system for extreme
weather and security
threats will be
implemented in the
airport. This system is
designed to ensure
smooth and safe
transportation for the
estimated 3 million
domestic and overseas
visitors who will flock to
Beijing for the games in
August 2008.[15]
On the ground, Beijing is
set to designate 38
official public transit
routes that will link the
Olympic venues. During
the games, 2,500 large-
size buses and 4,500
minibuses will be
operated by a total of
terminal building.[13]
Most of them are
scheduled to operate
from June 30, 2008, one
month before the start of
the games. In January
2007, the BOCOG
announced that the
Metro cars will be fitted
with video screens
showing the latest news
and events during the
games. Additionally,
cellphone signals would
be made available, so
that people can use their
communication devices
in the metro stations or
underground.[14]
According to the General
Administration of Civil
Aviation of China, a new
five-level emergency
alert system for extreme
weather and security
threats will be
implemented in the
airport. This system is
designed to ensure
smooth and safe
transportation for the
estimated 3 million
domestic and overseas
visitors who will flock to
Beijing for the games in
August 2008.[15]
On the ground, Beijing is
set to designate 38
official public transit
routes that will link the
Olympic venues. During
the games, 2,500 large-
size buses and 4,500
minibuses will be
operated by a total of
8,000 drivers to transport people across various venues. Prior to the games, public transport will be optimised in order to reduce the existing 110 overlapping routes.[16]
Athletes, Olympic guests and media will be moved around the city in a fleet of 5,000 Volkswagen "low-emission, low-consumption" vehicles.[17] Volkswagen Group China will also have a dedicated
pavilion to showcase their brands to the public throughout the event.
Beijing will be implementing a temporary road space rationing based on plate numbers during the Games in order to significantly improve air quality in the city.[18] Under the traffic plan made public on
June 20, 2008, the rationing will be enforced for two months, between July 20 to September 20, as the Olympics will begin on August 8, and then will be followed by the 2008 Paralympics, from
September 6 until 17.[19] The restrictions will be in placed on alternate days depending on the plates ending in odd or even numbers. This measure is expected to take 45% of the 3.3 million car fleet
off the streets. In addition, 300,000 heavy polluting vehicles will be banned from July 1, and the plan also prohibits access to most vehicles coming from outside Beijing. The boosted public transport
network is expected to absorb this additional demand, estimated in more than 4 million extra passengers per day.[20][19]
Athletes, Olympic guests and media will be moved around the city in a fleet of 5,000 Volkswagen "low-emission, low-consumption" vehicles.[17] Volkswagen Group China will also have a dedicated
pavilion to showcase their brands to the public throughout the event.
Beijing will be implementing a temporary road space rationing based on plate numbers during the Games in order to significantly improve air quality in the city.[18] Under the traffic plan made public on
June 20, 2008, the rationing will be enforced for two months, between July 20 to September 20, as the Olympics will begin on August 8, and then will be followed by the 2008 Paralympics, from
September 6 until 17.[19] The restrictions will be in placed on alternate days depending on the plates ending in odd or even numbers. This measure is expected to take 45% of the 3.3 million car fleet
off the streets. In addition, 300,000 heavy polluting vehicles will be banned from July 1, and the plan also prohibits access to most vehicles coming from outside Beijing. The boosted public transport
network is expected to absorb this additional demand, estimated in more than 4 million extra passengers per day.[20][19]
Marketing
Main article: 2008 Summer Olympics marketing
The 2008 Summer Olympics emblem is known as Dancing Beijing (simplified Chinese: 舞动的北京). The emblem
combines a traditional Chinese red seal and a representation of the calligraphic character jīng (京, "national
capital", also the second character of Beijing's Chinese name) with athletic features. The open arms of the
calligraphic word symbolises the invitation of China to the world to share in its culture. IOC president Jacques
Rogge was very happy with the emblem, saying, "Your new emblem immediately conveys the awesome beauty
and power of China which are embodied in your heritage and your people."[21]
The slogan for the 2008 Olympics is "One World, One Dream" (simplified Chinese: 同一个世界 同一个梦想; traditional
Chinese: 同一個世界 同一個夢想; pinyin: Tóng Yíge Shìjiè Tóng Yíge Mèngxiǎng.)[22] The slogan calls upon the whole
world to join in the Olympic spirit and build a better future for humanity. It was chosen from over 210,000 entries
submitted from around the world.[9]
The 2008 Olympic Mascots are the five Fuwa (simplified Chinese: 福娃, literally "good luck dolls" initially known as
Friendlies in English). The Fuwa consist of five members that incorporate fish, giant panda, fire, Tibetan antelope,
and swallow designs. The Fuwa each have as their primary colour, one of the colours of the five Olympic Rings
that stand for the five continents. The five Fuwa are named Beibei, Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying, and Nini. When
the first syllable of each of the five names are said together, the result is the phrase 北京欢迎你 (Běijīng huānyíng nĭ)
which means "Beijing welcomes you".[23]
Broadcasting
List of international broadcasters
These games will be the first to be produced and broadcast entirely in high definition television, and will likely
garner upwards of 4 billion viewers.[60] In their bid for the Olympic games in 2001, Beijing confirmed to the
Olympic Evaluation Commission "that there will be no restrictions on media reporting and movement of
journalists up to and including the Olympic Games,"[61] but according to a report in the New York Times, "these
promises have been contradicted by strict visa rules, lengthy application processes and worries about
censorship."[50]
Main article: 2008 Summer Olympics marketing
The 2008 Summer Olympics emblem is known as Dancing Beijing (simplified Chinese: 舞动的北京). The emblem
combines a traditional Chinese red seal and a representation of the calligraphic character jīng (京, "national
capital", also the second character of Beijing's Chinese name) with athletic features. The open arms of the
calligraphic word symbolises the invitation of China to the world to share in its culture. IOC president Jacques
Rogge was very happy with the emblem, saying, "Your new emblem immediately conveys the awesome beauty
and power of China which are embodied in your heritage and your people."[21]
The slogan for the 2008 Olympics is "One World, One Dream" (simplified Chinese: 同一个世界 同一个梦想; traditional
Chinese: 同一個世界 同一個夢想; pinyin: Tóng Yíge Shìjiè Tóng Yíge Mèngxiǎng.)[22] The slogan calls upon the whole
world to join in the Olympic spirit and build a better future for humanity. It was chosen from over 210,000 entries
submitted from around the world.[9]
The 2008 Olympic Mascots are the five Fuwa (simplified Chinese: 福娃, literally "good luck dolls" initially known as
Friendlies in English). The Fuwa consist of five members that incorporate fish, giant panda, fire, Tibetan antelope,
and swallow designs. The Fuwa each have as their primary colour, one of the colours of the five Olympic Rings
that stand for the five continents. The five Fuwa are named Beibei, Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying, and Nini. When
the first syllable of each of the five names are said together, the result is the phrase 北京欢迎你 (Běijīng huānyíng nĭ)
which means "Beijing welcomes you".[23]
Broadcasting
List of international broadcasters
- Nation Broadcaster HDTV Cite
- Australia Seven Network, SBS Seven HD [24]
- Austria ORF ORF 1 HD [25]
- Belgium VRT [26]
- Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT [citation needed]
- Brazil Free-TV:
- Rede Globo
- Rede Band
- Pay-TV:
- Sportv
- BandSports
- ESPN
- ESPN Brasil
- Webcast:
- Terra Networks Free-TV:
- Rede Globo
- Rede Band
- Pay-TV:
- Sportv HD
- Globosat HD [27]
- Bulgaria BNT [citation needed]
- Canada CBC, Radio-Canada, bold, TSN, RDS CBC HD, Radio-Canada HD, TSN HD, RDS HD [28]
- Chile TVN, Canal 13 [citation needed]
- China CCTV; webcast on Sohu.com Olympics HD Channel [29]
- Colombia Señal Colombia, Caracol, RCN [30]
- Croatia HRT [citation needed]
- Czech Republic ČT (ČT2, ČT24) [citation needed]
- Denmark DR, TV 2 [citation needed]
- Eritrea Eri-TV [citation needed]
- Estonia ETV, ETV2 [citation needed]
- European Union Eurosport Eurosport HD [citation needed]
- Finland YLE [31]
- France France 2 [citation needed]
- Germany ARD, ZDF Anixe HD [citation needed]
- Greece ERT [citation needed]
- Hong Kong ATV, TVB TVB HD
- ATV HD [32]
- Hungary Magyar Televízió [citation needed]
- India Doordarshan [33]
- Indonesia TVRI [citation needed]
- Iran IRIB Channel 3 [citation needed]
- Ireland RTÉ [34]
- Israel Channel 1
- Sport 5 Sport 5 HD [35][36]
- Italy RAI (Rai Due) [37]
- Japan NHK [38]
- Latvia LTV7 [citation needed]
- Lithuania LTV [citation needed]
- Macedonia MKTV [citation needed]
- Malaysia Astro, RTM [39]
- Mexico Televisa
- TV Azteca [40]
- Moldova TRM [41]
- Montenegro RTCG date=May 2008}
- Netherlands NPO/NOS NPO/NOS [42]
- New Zealand TV ONE, TVNZ Sport Extra TV ONE [43]
- Peru ATV [citation needed]
- Philippines Solar Sports, C/S, ETC, Jack TV, 2nd Avenue, Basketball TV [44]
- Poland TVP1, TVP2, TVP Sport TVP HD [45]
- Portugal RTP [46]
- Romania TVR TVR HD [citation needed]
- Russia VGTRK, Channel One [47]
- Serbia RTS 1, RTS 2 [citation needed]
- Singapore StarHub CableTV, MediaCorp TV MediaCorp TV HD5 [48] [49]
- Slovakia STV [citation needed]
- Slovenia RTV Slovenija [citation needed]
- South Africa SABC [50]
- South Korea KBS,MBC,SBS(the Korean Pool, 2002~2008) [51]
- Spain TVE [52]
- Sri Lanka Rupavahini [53]
- Thailand TVPOOL and NBT [citation needed]
- Turkey TRT [citation needed]
- Ukraine First National [54]
- United Arab Emirates Dubai Sports Channel [citation needed]
- United Kingdom BBC BBC HD [55]
- United States NBC Universal, NBC, CNBC, MSNBC, Oxygen,
- USA Network, Telemundo, NBC Soccer Channel, NBC Basketball Channel CNBC HD, NBC HD, Universal
HD, USA HD [56] [57] - Venezuela Venevision, Meridiano TV, TVES [58]
- Vietnam VTV [59]
These games will be the first to be produced and broadcast entirely in high definition television, and will likely
garner upwards of 4 billion viewers.[60] In their bid for the Olympic games in 2001, Beijing confirmed to the
Olympic Evaluation Commission "that there will be no restrictions on media reporting and movement of
journalists up to and including the Olympic Games,"[61] but according to a report in the New York Times, "these
promises have been contradicted by strict visa rules, lengthy application processes and worries about
censorship."[50]
| 2008 Olympic Torch |
Torch relay
Main articles: 2008
Summer Olympics torch
relay and 2008 Summer
Olympics torch relay route
The design of the Olympic
Torch is based on
traditional scrolls and
uses a traditional Chinese
design known as the
"Propitious Clouds" (祥云).
The torch is designed to
remain lit in 65 kilometer
per hour winds, and in rain
of up to 50 millimeters per
hour.
The relay, with the theme
Journey of Harmony, is
expected to last 130 days
and carry the torch
137,000 km (85,000 mi)—
the longest distance of any
Olympic torch relay since
the tradition began at the
1936 Berlin Games.[62]
[63] So far, the torch relay
has been called a "public
relations disaster" by The
Times[64] for China, with
protests of China's human
rights record, particularly
about Tibet.
The relay began March 24,
2008, in Olympia, Greece.
From there, it traveled
across Greece to
Panathinaiko Stadium in
Main articles: 2008
Summer Olympics torch
relay and 2008 Summer
Olympics torch relay route
The design of the Olympic
Torch is based on
traditional scrolls and
uses a traditional Chinese
design known as the
"Propitious Clouds" (祥云).
The torch is designed to
remain lit in 65 kilometer
per hour winds, and in rain
of up to 50 millimeters per
hour.
The relay, with the theme
Journey of Harmony, is
expected to last 130 days
and carry the torch
137,000 km (85,000 mi)—
the longest distance of any
Olympic torch relay since
the tradition began at the
1936 Berlin Games.[62]
[63] So far, the torch relay
has been called a "public
relations disaster" by The
Times[64] for China, with
protests of China's human
rights record, particularly
about Tibet.
The relay began March 24,
2008, in Olympia, Greece.
From there, it traveled
across Greece to
Panathinaiko Stadium in
Athens, and then to Beijing, arriving on March 31. From Beijing, the torch followed a route passing through every
continent except Antarctica. The torch visited cities on the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and
the rest of the world. A total of 21,880 torchbearers have been selected from around the world by various
organizations and entities.[65]
continent except Antarctica. The torch visited cities on the Silk Road, symbolizing ancient links between China and
the rest of the world. A total of 21,880 torchbearers have been selected from around the world by various
organizations and entities.[65]
The international portion
of the relay was a
problematic, month-long
world tour that has seen
wide-scale protests to
China's human rights
abuses and recent
crackdown in Tibet. After
trouble in London saw
several attempts to put
out the flame, the
following day, the flame
was extinguished in
Paris .[66] The American
leg in San Francisco on
9 April was altered
without prior warning to
avoid such scenes,
although there were still
demonstrations along
the original route.[67]
The relay was further
delayed and simplified
after the 2008 Sichuan
earthquake affecting
western China.
of the relay was a
problematic, month-long
world tour that has seen
wide-scale protests to
China's human rights
abuses and recent
crackdown in Tibet. After
trouble in London saw
several attempts to put
out the flame, the
following day, the flame
was extinguished in
Paris .[66] The American
leg in San Francisco on
9 April was altered
without prior warning to
avoid such scenes,
although there were still
demonstrations along
the original route.[67]
The relay was further
delayed and simplified
after the 2008 Sichuan
earthquake affecting
western China.
| Route of the 2008 Olympic Torch Relay |
The flame was carried to the top of Mount Everest[65] on a 108 km (67 mi) long "highway" scaling the Tibetan side of the mountain especially built for the relay. The $19.7 million blacktop project
spanned from Tingri County of Xigazê Prefecture to the Everest Base Camp.[68] In March 2008, China banned mountaineers from climbing its side of Mount Everest and later persuaded the Nepalese
government to close their side as well, officially citing environmental concerns.[69] It also reflected concerns by the Chinese government that Tibet activists may try to disrupt its plans to carry the
Olympic torch up the world's tallest peak.[70]
The originally proposed route would have seen the torch carried through Taipei after leaving Vietnam and before heading for Hong Kong. Taiwan authorities, however, objected to this proposal,
claiming that this route would make the portion of the relay in Taiwan appear to be part the torch's domestic journey through China, rather than a leg on the international route.[71] This dispute as well
as demands that the flag of the Republic of China and the National Anthem of the Republic of China be banned along the route[72] led the Taiwan authorities to reject the proposal that it be part of the
relay route, and the two sides of the Taiwan Strait subsequently blamed each other for injecting politics into the event.[73]
spanned from Tingri County of Xigazê Prefecture to the Everest Base Camp.[68] In March 2008, China banned mountaineers from climbing its side of Mount Everest and later persuaded the Nepalese
government to close their side as well, officially citing environmental concerns.[69] It also reflected concerns by the Chinese government that Tibet activists may try to disrupt its plans to carry the
Olympic torch up the world's tallest peak.[70]
The originally proposed route would have seen the torch carried through Taipei after leaving Vietnam and before heading for Hong Kong. Taiwan authorities, however, objected to this proposal,
claiming that this route would make the portion of the relay in Taiwan appear to be part the torch's domestic journey through China, rather than a leg on the international route.[71] This dispute as well
as demands that the flag of the Republic of China and the National Anthem of the Republic of China be banned along the route[72] led the Taiwan authorities to reject the proposal that it be part of the
relay route, and the two sides of the Taiwan Strait subsequently blamed each other for injecting politics into the event.[73]
The Games
Opening ceremony
Main article: 2008 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony
The opening ceremony of the Olympics in Beijing will be held in the Beijing National Stadium, and begin at 8:08pm CST (12:08 UTC) on 8 August 2008.[74][a] It has been announced that Canada's
Celine Dion[75] and Taiwan's Jay Chou[76] would perform during the opening ceremony.
On July 21, NBC announced the Opening Ceremony would include performances by a cast of 15,000 and declared it would be the most spectacular Olympics Opening Ceremony ever produced.[77]
Participating NOCs
Though the qualifying competitions for various sports are well underway, it cannot be certain which of the current 205 National Olympic Committees (NOCs)[78] will participate in 2008. Most NOCs
participate regularly, although various circumstances could cause a nation to be absent from the games, as was the case for six NOCs at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Nevertheless, placements in
various qualifying events can help predict which nations and how many athletes will be at the games. Steven Roush, chief of sport performance for the United States Olympic Committee, expects that
the United States will bring about 600 competitors to the games, their largest Olympic team thus far.[79] Other delegations will be much smaller; Afghanistan, for example, will be represented by just
four competitors.[80]
South African swimmer Natalie du Toit, five time gold medalist at the Athens Paralympics in 2004, has qualified to compete at the Beijing Olympics, thus making history by becoming the first amputee
to qualify for the Olympic Games since Olivér Halassy in 1936.[81][82] Natalia Partyka (who was born without a right forearm) will compete in Table Tennis for Poland.[83]
Below is a list of the all the participating NOCs (where available, the number of competitors per delegation is indicated in parentheses):
Opening ceremony
Main article: 2008 Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony
The opening ceremony of the Olympics in Beijing will be held in the Beijing National Stadium, and begin at 8:08pm CST (12:08 UTC) on 8 August 2008.[74][a] It has been announced that Canada's
Celine Dion[75] and Taiwan's Jay Chou[76] would perform during the opening ceremony.
On July 21, NBC announced the Opening Ceremony would include performances by a cast of 15,000 and declared it would be the most spectacular Olympics Opening Ceremony ever produced.[77]
Participating NOCs
Though the qualifying competitions for various sports are well underway, it cannot be certain which of the current 205 National Olympic Committees (NOCs)[78] will participate in 2008. Most NOCs
participate regularly, although various circumstances could cause a nation to be absent from the games, as was the case for six NOCs at the 2006 Winter Olympics. Nevertheless, placements in
various qualifying events can help predict which nations and how many athletes will be at the games. Steven Roush, chief of sport performance for the United States Olympic Committee, expects that
the United States will bring about 600 competitors to the games, their largest Olympic team thus far.[79] Other delegations will be much smaller; Afghanistan, for example, will be represented by just
four competitors.[80]
South African swimmer Natalie du Toit, five time gold medalist at the Athens Paralympics in 2004, has qualified to compete at the Beijing Olympics, thus making history by becoming the first amputee
to qualify for the Olympic Games since Olivér Halassy in 1936.[81][82] Natalia Partyka (who was born without a right forearm) will compete in Table Tennis for Poland.[83]
Below is a list of the all the participating NOCs (where available, the number of competitors per delegation is indicated in parentheses):
Participation changes
The Marshall Islands and Tuvalu gained National Olympic Committee status in 2006 and 2007 respectively, and are expected to participate in the Games.[84][85][86]
The states of Serbia and Montenegro, which participated at the 2004 Games jointly as Serbia and Montenegro, will now compete separately. The Montenegrin
Olympic Committee was accepted as a new National Olympic Committee in 2007.[86] IOC has promised to recognise the newly independent Republic of Kosovo,
but not in time for the nation to compete in the Olympics.[87]
North Korea and South Korea held meetings to discuss the possibility of sending a united team to the 2008 Olympics,[88][89] but the proposal failed, due to
disagreements between the two NOCs on the proportion of athletes from the two countries within the team.[90]
On July 24, 2008, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) banned Iraq from competing in the 2008 Olympic Summer Games due to "political interference by the
government in sports."[91][92] On July 29, the IOC reversed its decision and will allow the nation to compete after a pledge by Iraq to ensure "the independence of its
national Olympics panel" by instituting fair elections before the end of November. Until then, Iraq's Olympic Organisation will be run by "an interim committee
proposed by its national sports federations and approved by the IOC."[93]
The Marshall Islands and Tuvalu gained National Olympic Committee status in 2006 and 2007 respectively, and are expected to participate in the Games.[84][85][86]
The states of Serbia and Montenegro, which participated at the 2004 Games jointly as Serbia and Montenegro, will now compete separately. The Montenegrin
Olympic Committee was accepted as a new National Olympic Committee in 2007.[86] IOC has promised to recognise the newly independent Republic of Kosovo,
but not in time for the nation to compete in the Olympics.[87]
North Korea and South Korea held meetings to discuss the possibility of sending a united team to the 2008 Olympics,[88][89] but the proposal failed, due to
disagreements between the two NOCs on the proportion of athletes from the two countries within the team.[90]
On July 24, 2008, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) banned Iraq from competing in the 2008 Olympic Summer Games due to "political interference by the
government in sports."[91][92] On July 29, the IOC reversed its decision and will allow the nation to compete after a pledge by Iraq to ensure "the independence of its
national Olympics panel" by instituting fair elections before the end of November. Until then, Iraq's Olympic Organisation will be run by "an interim committee
proposed by its national sports federations and approved by the IOC."[93]
| This pictogram depicts Athletics. |
Sports
The program for the Beijing 2008
Games is quite similar to that of the
Athens Games held in 2004. The
2008 Olympics will see the return of
28 sports, and will hold 302 events
(165 men’s events, 127 women’s
events, and 10 mixed events), one
event more in total than in Athens.
Overall 9 new events will be held,
which include 2 from the new
cycling discipline of BMX. Women
will compete in the 3000 m
steeplechase for the first time. In
The program for the Beijing 2008
Games is quite similar to that of the
Athens Games held in 2004. The
2008 Olympics will see the return of
28 sports, and will hold 302 events
(165 men’s events, 127 women’s
events, and 10 mixed events), one
event more in total than in Athens.
Overall 9 new events will be held,
which include 2 from the new
cycling discipline of BMX. Women
will compete in the 3000 m
steeplechase for the first time. In
| Medals of the 2008 Summer Olympics: silver (left), gold (center), bronze (right) |
addition, marathon swimming events for men and women, over the distance
of 10 kilometres, will be added to the swimming discipline. Team events (men
and women) in table tennis will replace the doubles events. In fencing,
women's team foil and women's team sabre will replace men's team foil and
women's team epee.[b][94][95]
The Beijing Organizing Committee have released pictograms of the 35
Olympic disciplines. This set of sport icons is named the beauty of seal
characters, due to each pictogram's likeness to Chinese seal script.[96]
The following are the sports to be contested at these Games. The number of
events to be contested in each sport is indicated in parentheses.
of 10 kilometres, will be added to the swimming discipline. Team events (men
and women) in table tennis will replace the doubles events. In fencing,
women's team foil and women's team sabre will replace men's team foil and
women's team epee.[b][94][95]
The Beijing Organizing Committee have released pictograms of the 35
Olympic disciplines. This set of sport icons is named the beauty of seal
characters, due to each pictogram's likeness to Chinese seal script.[96]
The following are the sports to be contested at these Games. The number of
events to be contested in each sport is indicated in parentheses.
|
Calendar
In the following calendar for the 2008 Olympic Games, each blue box represents an event competition, such as a qualification round, on that day. The yellow boxes
represent days during which medal-awarding finals for a sport are held. Each bullet in these boxes is an event final, the number of bullets per box representing the
number of finals that will be contested on that day.[97]
In the following calendar for the 2008 Olympic Games, each blue box represents an event competition, such as a qualification round, on that day. The yellow boxes
represent days during which medal-awarding finals for a sport are held. Each bullet in these boxes is an event final, the number of bullets per box representing the
number of finals that will be contested on that day.[97]
|
|
|
|
See also
- Wikimedia Commons has media related to (category):
Notes
- ^ The number 8 is associated with prosperity and confidence in Chinese culture.
[108] - ^ The fencing programme will again include all six individual events and four team
events, though the team events will be a different set than were held in 2004. The
International Fencing Federation's rules call for events not held in the previous
Games to receive automatic selection and for at least one team event in each
weapon to be held. Voting is conducted to determine the fourth event. In 2004, the
three men's team events and the women's épée were held. Thus, in 2008, the
women's foil and sabre events and men's épée were automatically selected. Men's
sabre was chosen over foil by a 45–20 vote.[109]
- ^ "Olímpicos se verán en ‘Señal Colombia’". Semana.com. Retrieved on 2008-07-29.
- ^ "YLE tapahtumat". YLE. Retrieved on 2008-05-19.
- ^ International Olympic Committee (2007-08-06). "IOC Awards Broadcast Rights in Hong Kong to i-CABLE". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-04-04. “Please note: Over the air broadcast rights
for the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games were acquired by Asia Television Limited and Television Broadcasts Limited through the Asian Broadcasting Union.” - ^ Verma, Meenakshi (2007-11-06). "Doordarshan bags Olympics rights for $3mn", The Economic Times. Retrieved on 2008-06-16.
- ^ "China to mark its territory with Olympics 2008". RTÉ News (2007-11-12). Retrieved on 2008-03-17.
- ^ "Channel 1 to air the Olympics in weekends, too" (in Hebrew), Ynet (2008-07-16).
- ^ "For the first time: The Olympics - not only on channel 1" (in Hebrew), Ynet (2008-02-20).
- ^ "RAI commits to high-definition Olympics", Hollywood Reporter (2008-04-15). Retrieved on 2008-06-16.
- ^ "Summary of Press Conference". NHK. Retrieved on 2008-06-16.
- ^ "Malaysia's TV operator to add more channels for Beijing Olympics", Xinhuanet (2008-04-01). Retrieved on 2008-04-03.
- ^ (Spanish)Cerón, César (2008-06-12). "China, un nuevo reto para Alberto Lati". Televisa Deportes. Retrieved on 2008-06-16.
- ^ "Jocurile Olimpice 2008 la TRM" (in Romanian). TRM. Retrieved on 2008-07-30.
- ^ "NOS brengt Olympische Spelen en EK Voetbal in HDTV". Broadcast Magazine. Broadcast Press. Retrieved on 2008-03-17.
- ^ TVNZ (2007-09-28). "TVNZ announces High Definition plans". Press release.
- ^ "Solar Sports, The Olympic Channel". Retrieved on 2008-04-07.
- ^ "Pekin 2008 w TVP" (2007-12-19). Retrieved on 2008-06-11.
- ^ "RTP vai transmitir 500 horas de Jogos Olímpicos" (in Portuguese), Media & Publicidade, Diário Económico (2008-05-05). Retrieved on 2008-06-20.
- ^ "The Russian satellite operator RSCC and the Chinese company CNC signed a cooperation agreement for international satellite TV transmissions from 2008 Olympic Games". News.
Russian Satellite Communications Company. Retrieved on 2008-03-26. - ^ "StarHub Offers Unprecedented Coverage Of The Olympic Games". Retrieved on 2008-07-17.
- ^ "MediaCorp the official broadcaster of the 2008 Beijing Olympics". Retrieved on 2008-07-18.
- ^ a b Stelter, Brian (2008-07-21). "Networks Fight Shorter Olympic Leash", The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-07-21.
- ^ "IOC Awards TV Rights for North and South Korea". Retrieved on 2008-06-16.
- ^ "The TVE will cover the Olympics" (in Spanish).
- ^ "Rupavahini's Channel Eye will cover the Olympics" (in Sinhala).
- ^ official web site
- ^ "Beijing Olympics on the BBC". BBC. Retrieved on 2008-06-28.
- ^ "Coming in August: The Complete Olympics on NBC". NBC. Retrieved on 2008-06-28.
- ^ "NBC's planned Olympic coverage, on TV and online". USA Today. Retrieved on 2008-07-09.
- ^ "Medios se alistan para Beijing". News. Lavinotinto.com. Retrieved on 2008-02-19.
- ^ "National TV station said to have Euro 2008 broadcasting rights". VietNamNet (2007-09-08). Retrieved on 2008-06-16.
- ^ "Seeing clearly: Panasonic ushers in first HDTV Game", China Daily (2007-07-06). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
- ^ Report of the IOC Evaluation Commission for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad in 2008, pg.73
- ^ "Beijing 2008: BOCOG Announces Olympic Torch Relay Route", International Olympic Committee (2007-04-26). Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
- ^ "Officials Expect Olympic Torch to Continue on Route".
- ^ "Britain sends mandarins to China on subtle mission", The Times (2008-04-25). Retrieved on 2007-04-27.
- ^ a b "Beijing 2008 Olympic Torch Relay Planned Route and Torch Design unveiled", BOCOG (2007-04-26). Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
- ^ Bremner, Charles (2008-04-07). "Tibet protests force organisers to snuff out Olympic flame in Paris", The Times.
- ^ "Confusion strikes US torch relay", BBC News (2008-04-09).
- ^ "China to build highway on Mt Everest for 2008 Olympics", The Hindu (2007-06-20). Retrieved on 2007-06-25.
- ^ "Climbers banned from Everest as China seeks to stop protests on summit", The Independent (2008-03-17). Retrieved on 2008-03-23.
- ^ "China closes its side of Everest to climbers", CNN (2008-03-12). Retrieved on 2008-03-13.
- ^ "Taiwan rejects 'domestic' Olympic torch route", Taiwan Journal (2007-05-04). Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
- ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7005984.stm
- ^ "China blames Taiwan for scuttling Olympic torch relay through Taipei, labels 'vile precedent'", Yahoo! Canada Sports (2007-09-21). Retrieved on 2007-09-24.
- ^ Official Notes about opening ceremony of the Olympics in Beijing
- ^ Celine Dion to sing for 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- ^ Jay Chou to treat fans to debut performance of Olympic song - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- ^ Olympics opening ceremony to have 15,000 performers -- The Live Feed
- ^ "National Olympic Committees". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved on 2008-03-11.
- ^ "About 600 athletes to compete for the U.S. at 2008 Olympic Games", BOCOG (2007-08-03). Retrieved on 2007-08-03.
- ^ "Afghan Athletes Train for Beijing Olympic ", Afghan embassy to the United States, April 29, 2008
- ^ "Dreams carry Natalie Du Toit to Beijing", The Telegraph, May 4, 2008
- ^ "Du Toit, who lost leg in scooter accident, will swim in Beijing Games", Reuters, May 3, 2008
- ^ "Natalia: Paralympic AND Olympic athlete". Retrieved on 2008-07-15.
- ^ "Marshall Islands joins Olympic Family", ONOC (2006-02-10). Retrieved on 2006-12-17.
- ^ "Robert Meets IOC President", ONOC (2005-04-02). Retrieved on 2006-12-17.
- ^ a b "Two new National Olympic Committees on board!", International Olympic Committee (2007-07-06). Retrieved on 2007-07-08.
- ^ "IOC to recognise Kosovo", News24 (2008-02-17). Retrieved on 2008-02-17.
- ^ "Koreas 'to unify Olympics teams'", BBC (2006-05-14). Retrieved on 2006-12-17.
- ^ "Two Koreas Make Progress in Creation of Unified Team", International Olympic Committee (2006-09-05). Retrieved on 2006-09-10.
- ^ "Koreas fail to agree on fielding joint team for Beijing Olympics", AP (2007-02-13). Retrieved on 2007-02-28.
- ^ "Iraq banned from Summer Olympics", CNN (2008-07-24). Retrieved on 2008-07-24.
- ^ "Iraq banned from Beijing Olympics", BBC Sport (2008-07-24). Retrieved on 2008-07-24.
- ^ IOC lifts Iraq's Olympic suspension
- ^ "Beijing 2008: Games Programme Finalised", International Olympic Committee (2006-04-27). Retrieved on 2006-05-10.
- ^ Programme of the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, Beijing 2008, International Olympic Committee. Retrieved on May 15, 2006.
- ^ "Pictograms of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games unveiled", BOCOG (2006-08-07). Retrieved on 2006-08-09.
- ^ "Olympic Games Competition Schedule". BOCOG. Retrieved on 2007-07-05.
- ^ "China 'is fuelling war in Darfur'", BBC News. Retrieved on 2008-07-12.
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/09/sports/olympics/09beijing.html?ref=olympics
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/21/sports/olympics/21nbc.html?hp
- ^ http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/548f4410-5e3a-11dd-b354-000077b07658.html
- ^ http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gAkDaSkHWHboscdhQZwdRBt6hZnw
- ^ http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-olyspy30-2008jul30,0,5823677.story
- ^ http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jiZadkVJSv7CQ7lHqBOIlkTqVmzgD927QP880,
- ^ Interpol says Olympic terror attack 'real possibility. The Globe and Mail. Accessed: April 25, 2008
- ^ Interpol chief warns of Olympic terror threat. Yahoo! News. Accessed: April 25, 2008
- ^ Seattle Times article
- ^ "The Number Eight And The Chinese". Retrieved on 2007-04-22.
- ^ "List of decisions of the 2006 General Assembly" (PDF). Federation Internationale d'Escrime (2006-04-08). Retrieved on 2007-04-22.